Portland Cement Kiln Research
U.S. cement manufacturing is primarily a fossil fuel fired industry with 91.7% of all plants using coal, petroleum coke, or some combination of the two as primary kiln fuel. Nine plants reported using alternative fuels as primary kiln feed. There were 64 plants, or roughly 67% of total industry capacity, which reported using some form of alternative fuel alone or in combination with other fuels as a secondary kiln fuel source. 2013 Portland Cement Association Report Coal Coal, Coke Coke Coal, AF Alternative Fuel Coke, AF Natural Gas Coal, Natural Gas, Coke Natural Gas, Coke Natural Gas, Coke, AF Total: Alternative Fuel Natural Gas Natural Gas, AF Natural Gas, Coke, AF Coke, AF Oil, AF Coke Coal, AF Oil Oil, Coke, AF Oil, Natural Gas, Coke, AF Oil, Natural Gas, Coke Coal, Natural Gas, AF Coal Coal, Oil, Coke, AF Totals