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  INATE SYSTEM- Barriers skin nose Hair macrophages:   Macrophages reside in most tissues and are usually the first immune cells to encounter pathogens Macrophages also release cytokines that recruit other innate immune cells, principally neutrophils, to the site neutrophils. Neutrophils normally circulate in the blood When they receive a cue from macrophages, they can leave the blood vessel and enter the infected tissue where they help to destroy the invaders. Once the dangerous pathogens have been eliminated and the wound has healed redness, warmth, swelling, and pain will abate Theadaptive immune system is characterized by three unique features: specificity, diversity, and memory. SPECIFIC  We say the adaptive immune system is specific because it recognizes and defends us against particular threats—a specific virus, for example.  It is very important that the immune system be able to discriminate among targets so that it does not attack components of our own...

Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network https://www.webmd.com/cancer/cancer-treatment-protect-immune-system 5 Ways to Boost Your Immunity During Immunotherapy  Sleep Well Aim for 7 hours of sleep a night. It isn’t bad to get less sometimes, but if you don’t get enough most nights, it could strain your system. That means you’ll be more likely to get sick from colds, the flu, and more serious infections. You also won’t be able to recover from them as well as a healthy person. If you have a hard time falling and staying asleep, try these steps: Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. Don’t go to bed hungry or too full. Have a bedtime ritual, like bathing or journaling, every night. Keep your bedroom cool, dark, and quiet. 2. Eat Smart When you’re on immunotherapy, eat a range of healthy foods. Fruits, vegetables, and protein are all important. The goal is to get different nutrients to support your immune system and your body’s other systems. Even if you’re not that hungry during tre...

 Papillary urothelial carcinoma. No lymph vascular invasion   muscularized propria- uninvolved in carcinoma Rating System: Lowest to Highest   0 (T zero):   There is no evidence of a primary tumor in the bladder. Ta:  This refers to noninvasive papillary carcinoma. This type of growth often is found on a small section of tissue that easily can be removed with TURBT. Tis:  This stage is carcinoma in situ (CIS) or a "flat tumor." This means that the cancer is only found on or near the surface of the bladder. The doctor may also call it non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, superficial bladder cancer, or noninvasive flat carcinoma. This type of bladder cancer often comes back after treatment, usually as another noninvasive cancer in the bladder. T1:  The tumor has spread to the connective tissue (called the lamina propria) that separates the lining of the bladder from the muscles beneath, but it does not involve the bladder wall muscle. T2:  The t...

5 papers or chapters 1st draft intro:  We know the circular economy is coming. Its happening in our world whether we want to adjust or not.  Governments, economies, industries, businesses educational institutions, and non-profits around the world are all working to understand the profound changes it brings, the opportunities, and the practices we will have to change. Governmental regulators and non-profits are working to create it's boundaries, but Industries, global companies and even tech start ups are at the cutting edge of  putting together  the pieces to make it happen. It's like  stringing pearls. together . We are all an expert on our pearl, and we may see a couple of other pearls that should go on our string, but how to we start our string, and find our place on it? this string of pearls is sometimes called a loop in circular economy discussions  because in comparison to the Horizontal line of inputs, throughputs and outputs, that existed since...