Immune System Research

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INATE SYSTEM- Barriers

  • skin
  • nose Hair
macrophages:  
  • Macrophages reside in most tissues and are usually the first immune cells to encounter pathogens
  • Macrophages also release cytokines that recruit other innate immune cells, principally neutrophils, to the site
neutrophils.
  • Neutrophils normally circulate in the blood
  • When they receive a cue from macrophages, they can leave the blood vessel and enter the infected tissue where they help to destroy the invaders.
  • Once the dangerous pathogens have been eliminated and the wound has healed
    • redness, warmth, swelling, and pain will abate

Theadaptive immune system is characterized by three unique features: specificity, diversity, and memory.

SPECIFIC

  •  We say the adaptive immune system is specific because it recognizes and defends us against particular threats—a specific virus, for example. 
  • It is very important that the immune system be able to discriminate among targets so that it does not attack components of our own body. 
DIVERSE
  • The adaptive immune system is described as diverse because it has the remarkable ability to detect essentially any foreign molecule it encounters—billions of different targets. 
  • The upside of this immense capacity for recognition is that we can acquire immunity to just about every pathogen we may encounter in our lifetime. T
  • The downside is that it takes time—on the order of 4-7 days—to mount an immune response against a new invader. By the time the adaptive immune system is capable of responding, we may already be quite sick. 
MEMORY

  • Fortunately, the adaptive immune system has memory and will remember past invaders. 
  • When the adaptive immune system encounters a pathogen it has seen before, the immune response is much quicker—on the order of hours. 
  • This immunological memory provides us with protection throughout our life. We call this protection immunity. 
  • Unfortunately, as we enter advanced age, our adaptive immune system begins to falter—a fact with important consequences for cancer development. 
LYMPHOSITES

  • The adaptive immune system is made up of specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes,
  • There are two main types of lymphocyte: B cells and T cells. Like all blood cells, lymphocytes are born in the bone marrow. As they mature, they exit the bone marrow and circulate in the blood. 
  • T cells develop to maturity in the thymus gland (the “T” stands for thymus). 
  • Mature B and T cells are deployed to lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs where they lie in wait for pathogens.
    • B Cells react to to Intracellular-Reproducing inside cells - ie mostly viruses
    • T Cells React to Extracellular-Free Floating invaders
  • In addition to the receptors through which they recognize invaders, lymphocytes also produce and release chemicals that enable them to communicate with each other—for example, to alert other immune cells that there is an infection in the body. The cytokines are an important class of such chemicals
CYTOKINES
The Paul revere Chemical:- Once a T or B cell recognizes an invader, they do 2 things at once - send out a chemical alert to other cells to start responding.


Variolation: ( exposes a person to an active disease to stimulate immune Response) long history, China, Turkey- 1715 - blah blah

INFLAMATION

  • IE, Splinter - splinter breaches the physical barrier of the skin, part of the innate immune system. The splinter will likely transfer several hundred bacterial cells into the wound. 
  • A few minutes after sustaining the splinter wound, the injured site will become red, warm, swollen, and painful: this is inflammation
  • It is a normal process that contributes to both immune defense and wound healing

Inflammation plays an important role in cancer. Like wounds, developing tumors cause tissue damage that triggers an inflammatory response

REFERENCES

https://www.cancerresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Cancer-and-the-Immune-System_2017-final_print.pdf


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